1. What must one foreseen for preventing such damages, accidents and injury in an earthquake situation?

These recommendations are addressed to the main teachers, management and administrative staff from technic-institutions and will be reflected in the service tasks which are fully distributed. It is useful if  pupils, students and other people to know the purpose various measures to be undertaken to understand meaning protection case and to participate in some of them:

Identificate the furnishing and objects heavy hanging over their, tables, beds, places whether movable, they can fall over them, replace them with some light, fix them against posting or move them so as not to endanger life or integrity in case of oscillations or drop (lamps, heavy paintings, mirrors, vases, loudspeakers, aquaria, teaching material, computers, cabinets, bookshelves, etc.).

Asigurate pieces of heavy furniture, smooth, overlapping and high between them, and by gripping a wall, The girder solid, especially in higher positions and in places where children usually gather etc.

Deploy all appliances heavy on wheels so as not to be in the vicinity exits in rooms or hallways, only to fail to block the trips, in case of earthquake.

Deploy objects fragile and valuable in a place me down and of course, and the dishes high for chemicals and fuels, cabinets in which nothing can overthrow, in rooms in which students gather and there is no danger of communication and fire.

Limit the moves of high machines in a way in case of earthquake, joinings should suffer damage and to being gas, or to leak fuel, water, chemicals, etc.

Verify regularly ceilings, bridge, the roof, balconies,  the porch and it, so that the earthquakes to falling bricks,renderings, ornaments, tiles, over-surrounding streets or to neighbors.

Do the same thing with those elements which could fall from the building adjacent, including the reconciliation with next block fence or wall of neighbors.

Ask a specialist in structures of resistance, the type and condition of partitions , to catch them objects heavy or to prevent their fall over occupants.

Is advisable to have in common spaces fire extinguishers, located in places known and accessible, near potential sources of fire and to know how to use, ACCORDING TO THE RULES OF PSI.

Is useful to have stored grouped in a place known, a special reserve dried food and canned food, drinking water, a kit of first aid with medicines, lamps, a radio batteries and usable in emergencies and supply interruption of electricity, etc. for 3 days.

Asigurate doors all with tighteners effective oscillations, so brightly stored cannot cause accidents.

Remember the location of general outlets and local electricity, water and gases and their way of handling, so that if necessary, after earthquake, you take some measures minimum intervention emergency (closure/opening). retained reach kits of appropriate tools.

Inform yourself about performing legal obligations of holders of buildings on :

Assessing current resistance antiseimice building structure;

Necessary Repairs;

Design and execution necessary work;

Insurance claims for seismic forms and fees needed.

Do not forget that the act and the buildings designed and executed toward to withstand earthquakes and that your life  depends on the measures taken.

Call only the institutions authorized in this end, complying with the provisions and legal deadlines, especially if the structure of the building or a previous showed deficiencies or perspectives.

Tell those in law and insist to undertake measures to control, maintenance and repairs to stop degradation of foundations, walls, roofs, plots, baskets of smoke, repair and anchoring them.

Tell teachers, students and staff to retain the memory peculiarities locality, neighbourhood and surroundings housing, the road on moving daily at school or home, having regard to any dangers described as follows:

Falling some elements of construction (walls, bricks, renderings, its, ornaments, baskets of smoke,  etc.);

Breaking of windows, in particular buildings high.


Falling objects, furniture, etc.;

Falling of poles and power lines;

Fires resulting from short circuits, gas pipelines broken, overthrow cooking facilities and heated, etc.

Falling of the land, avalanches in the area mountain, gritty liquefaction of land.

Get use with the protection and when you are in another situation (on leave, as elsewhere, THE shows, the visit, etc.).

Tell to the members of the family about the procedure used in case of an earthquake. consulted brochures about antiseimic protection in different situations.

Explain in advance to adults and minors arrangements for self-protection in case of earthquake and recommended out regular, orderly, of such measures in the rooms of education.

In order to ensure control and authority teachers responsible, he will select the appropriate mode most indicated for each age category. For example, students may be called upon to perform autoprotection under table and the university will stand under a component resistant, to check visually and by advice, gulping courage. May be the concrete cases in which he will give all the occupants one way of self-protection suitable situation construction concerned.

Explain in advance to adults and minors in special cases can proceed with the evacuation building after a strong earthquake , but this will be performed in quiet, orderly, without cluster and only available to all those appointed by the Board, after checking Escape routes and the fact that the dangers. Outside are not higher than the remaining indoors.

Efectuate regularly exercises for controlled discharge of various spaces, in conjunction with the recommendations and organs of civil defense or to those of prevention and fire.

2. What to do during an strong earthquake?

These recommendations refers to a variety of situations that may find themselves frequently as a building of education and the surrounding environment built on the period travels daily, or in public places. Users of such recommendations may also be children or adults.

Stay calm, not panic, settle down and others, protected children, old men and women. It will not frightened by sounds around them.

Prevent trends to leave the class, of course, laboratory and housing, etc. because the duration of reduced initial phase seismic will stage a strong movement to perceive groups of people down the stairs, in a crowded and panic, leading to undesirable accidents.

If will find out in front of buildings, stay away from this, do not allow the renderings, bricks, baskets,windows, which usually may fall into the street.

If you are inside stay there, away from windows that can break, stay toward the center building beside a wall structurally resistant.

Protect yourself under a girder solid desk,and children under the banks of class or tables, which are sufficiently resistant to duck the fall of lamps, objects, mobile overlapping, renderings ornamental etc. (Consulted beforehand, as far as possible, a specialist in structures of resistance to the familiar elements resistance).

Stay with hands on the floor or will keep the hands of a leg tables or the door for the pen will ensure the stability.

In lack of such opportunities to keep under shock stability, you can protect sitting on the floor beside a solid wall, crouched on your knees and elbows, face down, with palms clasped you protect head (neck), and with your arms your face.

Teachers will indicate students opportunity and fair to apply such measures and will inspired confidence in effective autoprotection.

Turn off sources of fire as you can quickly, and if he took fire something, what immediately after the shock past strong.

If you are in a workshop, applied immediately, after case, protective measures place specific your activity.

Don`t fled through the door, don`t jump on the window, don`t take down the stairs, don't use the elevator, but if you open the door outwards, to prevent its blocking, for possible movement discharges after seismic and checking condition stairs and over the area of the exit. Avoid crowds.

Don`t run on street or on the street, move calmly toward an open and of course, do not stay where rocks can fall or where can take place deviations of land.

If earthquake will surprise the car, stop as you can quickly in a place open, avoiding buildings too close to the street, across the bridges, passages, power lines and air stay inside. Do not allow the electricity wires fallen to touch you.

If you are in a means of transport or the train, sit on your place. until seismic movement is finish. The driver must stop and to open its doors, but it is not appropriate to the dive was going to brake the windows.

In subway stay calm will and listen train staff recommendations, if it stopped between stations in tunnel, without leave rail wagons .

If will learn in a public place with agglomerations of people (Theatre, cinema, church, pitch, meeting room) Don't go towards the exit, where produces more victims than earthquake. Stay calm and settle down their neighbors on the line.


3. What to do after an strong earthquake ?

These recommendations concern shares particularly important to return to normal after impact consolidation through collaboration all those involved.

Important return more rapidly to previous situation is underlined and the need to use in some cases accommodation or schools that centers prime aid, evacuation accommodation for the temporary other people, if any neighbouring zones seriously affected by earthquake.

Don`t leave immediately the space in which you are. Allow first-aid to those affected by earthquake. Calm people scared and in particular children to age more tender.

Help the people injured or trapped under furniture and objects or items slight construction fallen.  Attention! Don`t move seriously injured (if not in immediate danger of being injured in addition of other causes), up to the aid granted sanitary medically qualified; help to the place. cleaned routes of shards or toxic substances and chemicals paid, feedingstuffs, etc.

Take care safety will children, patients, ensuring them clothing and footwear season proper, in view of a possible discharges from the building for a i.e period, from a few hours at a few days.

Do not use phone calls than for the rescue, firefighters, or official bodies with tasks, the post-seismic intervention, when justified, to block other circuits needed action.

Listen only posts notices of official recommendations for immediate action of the bodies in right.

Check preliminary state electrical installations, the gas and water, sewage, checked visually and state construction inside.

In case of damage found close as possible and supply local or general announced immediately afterwards specialized institution for intervention. Not used fire opened until you checked if there are mistakes by gas. Do not use matches or lighters.

Leave calmly building only after earthquake, to enable acces in the building without taking your useless things; checked first scale and path toward the exit.

For any eventuality, warned injury caused by the fall of renderings, bricks, etc. from leaving the building using a helmet for protection or, failing which, a chair (stool) or other object protector (bag, schoolbag, thick books, etc.).

If the exit meeting doors locked, act without panic for just. If you get, and they have window, as coolly at breaking pane and cleaning frame and area of shards, using a chair, a prominent, etc.

Avoid buildings badly damaged, except in certain cases of aid or rescue to be taken with a minimum of safety precautions and without unnecessary risk. You avoid mistaken for start touched in such buildings, not aglomerate calamity areas without heart. Move in an open place and safe (park, stadium, etc.).

Be ready for psychic and physical further shocks first event of seismic movements (Reply), but you aware that this happens naturally, with varying intensities, either in a few hours or days over, weeks or months. Only a small number of cases subsequently shock is stronger than first.

For earthquakes in Vrancea, experts will assess relatively quickly, on the basis of the registration movement concerned if energy consumed indicates a strong earthquake of a certain scale and will be informed, is still difficult to estimate the eventual probabilistic energy assumed-will provide subsequently gradually or abruptly and the succession in the field.

Listen first judgements of Romanians specialists , good work you familiar with the outbreak Vrancea, which will be transmitted by means soon enough for mass information and national to be regarded as the only sources of information credible.

In areas which may be affected by local earthquakes, it can sometimes produce smaller earthquakes along a certain period of time after the shock principally, after which usually is seismic activity reduced.

After leaving the building orderly seek to get correct information about intensity movements and its effects and checked out first and then with precautions and inside,mostly day time, state structure and other items and items which could cause injury by their fall.

Don`t listen to advice from That called experts unknown appearing on the spot .

A specialist in structures of resistance in whose jurisdiction will not doubt, can reduce some uncertainties in this context, and will serve to guide the analysis vision of the building and the final decision to escape or return.

Inform yourself how to be as abiding by the law to record the complete damage (structural and unstructural) produced by the earthquake, with a view through a system of compensation insurance, including for evaluation by specialists of the state of post-seismic building structure and operations of design and execution of repair or consolidation.

Don`t believe rumors concerning seismic event of speech and their consequences, listen to radio stations and television, used only information and recommendations sent officially received directly from your and not heard. Give your expertise.' organisations in seismic post-intervention, the analysis building condition, and the other activities, undertaken by the staff in right.

Previous earthquakes has proved to be useful to have knowledge required survival until the intervention teams of rescue in case of extreme situations in which, for example, you was under surprised, furniture overturned or in a room (space) blocked the doors or other causes.

You should first pay calm, to calm the people shocked, not you reaction of panic, to allotted first aid those injured, and if you or any other person in the group has an opportunity to move to make a small plane to escape.

Unlock way of access only if this is not getting worse situation (of e.g the move rubble or furniture). A variant fever of communication with those outside, which will focus always specialized personnel and equipment to intercept to identify the places to people trapped, is to hit at regular intervals with a hard object in neighbouring piping or in the walls enclosure, and if you have established control record, provide information and assistance to ask first aid.

In escape give priority to those injured or children, of the women, and hear rescue team recommendations.

Don`t count a long-lasting until the rescue, because in such conditions, although time seems endless, the human body he mobilized resources mysterious to pass over a critical times. In this way can we explain life extreme resistance by hundreds of hours in terms of blocking the earthquake has some people seemingly fragile, recorded in our country in 1977 and similarly in the world.



4. Possibilities of transmitting knowledge necessary to protect structure

in our country, seismic activity we expose of powerful earthquakes so often that in Japan, United States, China, Turkey, etc. Therefore, is variable number of those who experience behavior at a real earthquake. Children born in the period between two big earthquakes have no experience their own. school and family may offset the lack of information through concrete knowledge transmitted properly age of seismicity in our country, the locality and Building condition from that area.

After studying school programmes general and specialized, they found out that, on earthquakes, knowledge offered are quite small and insufficient. More information provides press, literature, radio, television, although not in a uniformly and appropriate grand school. In these conditions, students receive information ends, the means for mass information, the family, friends, without making sure the character scientific them. Only a few universities specialized technical unit were the core issues of seismology and effects earthquakes. Citizens without higher education of capacities referred, leaving the school unprepared for scientific future strong earthquakes . A minimal amount of general knowledge can be handed over to the school, either on objects sciences nature and technical, either in special-a.m, physical education, etc.

E.g the theme:

- earthquakes as natural phenomena, movements of Earth,

- seismicity country with location Vrancea area; are possible earthquakes powerful to be felt especially in southern and eastern European country;

- What can happen with some old buildings in earthquake (examples 1977);

- importance of a normal behaviour in case of earthquake and that in case of another natural phenomenon (rain, snow storm) Without panic, run, cluster, rumors, etc.

The knowledge that will be transmitted to pupils will follow that they know beforehand how manifestation of an earthquake in concrete conditions of seismic zone, location and Building school composition and how they behave advisable. behaviour in the school will differ from the family, mainly through existing group and several classes, with a response difficult to control without training before the earthquake, the situation showing both advantages and disadvantages. The level of detail will be coordinated with age, general knowledge acquired by them and in any case will be used only informative sources or medicinal official in this field. Teachers will be documented properly respond to the curiosity of specific students.

Indicative, students may be informed of a series of useful elements preparation antiseimic, over the Information guide practically, how it would be:

- maximum possible intensity seismic in their locality, the official papers according seismic zone. (upper grades may be informed and  characteristic effects each degree, scale under the Amended or scale intensity msk);

- during an earthquake of Vrancea may be higher (1-2 minutes), while the surface with several tens of seconds , features the first local who can put some problems (deviations of land, dams upstream of the vacinatate or locality, land gritty or loessoide, etc.).

- The fact that new structures are calculated to withstand earthquakes.

- Type construction school (in frames, the masonry, new type, old-type, height and that normally appear some oscillations higher if the structure is flexible type, that some walls may crack without this immediate danger, places of buildings and its environs, which are in danger of falling them,  baskets of smoke, cabinets, shelves of books, teaching materials and to avoid the discharge organized or passing further near them, places organized especially for evacuation organised in special cases, places or laboratories may burst fire to avoid the critical period, at the same time has participated in the fire and evacuation of small fires materials after earthquake, in an organized manner, under leading teachers,

The fact that the man feels vibrations given by the earthquake building and they can prevent Act and to move freely in a safe manner, he create a state of anxiety, fear sometimes. For these reasons, and on the dangers of accidents, some onjects in fall, IS ADVISABLE remaining in building and avoid hiting by elements in fall (ornaments, smooth cabinets, lamps, teaching material) through solid housing under tables, benches, beams, etc.

That the evacuation of buildings downstairs during collective earthquake may be possible to avoid areas with baskets of smoke), but must be based on a plan previously established and the collective exercises only in case of imminent danger (fire, serious damage found etc.);

The fact that in case evacuation buildings collective downstairs during earthquake may bring problems difficult cluster and falls, more serious than herself direct effects of earthquake. In practice, although the children and adolescents have speeds the trip higher even under the effect of oscillations (3-0.5 M/S or 2 steps PER SECOND for stairs) descent will coincide with the most powerful oscillations, in conditions in constructiv element which stairs are most dangerous of buildings of any kind. evacuation collective must be considered only after , as organized action , in case the building presents damage that would require examination by specialists and will be made according to a plan already established.

Giving first aid prospective wounded for some falling objects, accident or other conditions, those scared of oscillations, etc. quietly and without panic; finding place for the location of all the medical supplies in class and school;

How they behave in the earthquake in the evening or in the case of interrupting electricity;

Knowledge road escape after earthquake in safety toward the exit;

All this information, knowledge and skills may be linked to the teaching other specialist knowledge of as follows:

- Problems of seismology, geography and nature sciences;


Problems of construction and oscillations, physics and other technical subjects

- Problems of fire protection, physics, chemistry, etc.

- Problems of seismic oscillations effects on human body and behavior after an earthquake, aid in case of injury, the objects: biology, anatomy, psychology, etc. issues of collective behave, in psychology,-, social sciences, etc.;

In addition, there may be used activities of civil defense,-, goalhoops scientific process-orientated and, goalhoops sports and Tourism, after a coordinated plan unit at the school, in which to include the transmission of knowledge and practical exercises periodical. Professional schools and technical schools in profile, including those in the construction sector, may link more closely teaching these aspects of the matter existing programmes in analytical progressively and with very much pedagogic.

That means more attractive slide may be used,documentary films, exposure of some top men specialists, an indication of reading, joint observations of some elements that danger of collapse after an earthquake in school,distribution of leaflets with useful recommendations, etc.

Considering that a correlation with programmes school involves an activity for a long time, for initiating these actions can be considered minimal exposure in each New Year to study the rules of the self-protection, the exemplification action in class, within hours of defense civil society.

5. Recommendations for drawing up a plan of activities based on basic rules of protection and antiseimic training

5.1. General

Recommendations have an indicative, given that the various industrial establishments, education, housing etc. presents a variety of situations.

Experience has proved that is better to have a plan than none and that based on the initiative may take some measures may easily anticipated the reduction of hazards and seismic measures required for certain concrete situations in the emergency phase of the impact consolidation.

Therefore, exemplifies some fields, justified in terms of strictly formal AND LEGAL; such a plan must comply with laws and civil defense, some orders and decrees and other specific decrees.

People with managerial responsibilities and administrative must inform it about legal rules exist, the resulting responsibilities in the manner in which they have complied with requirements for protection antiseimica subordinated; these responsibilities are to the attention of organs In true especially when they produce disasters, in an strong earthquake

5.2. Aspects of planning activities need a specific plan of antiseismic activities schools, universities or high based on assumptions the following:

- a powerful earthquake that may occur during school programme daily may cause adverse effects most students and security for teachers;

- earthquake can cause a chain of adverse effects on the locality, in contiguous area and directly or indirectly in the education establishment that, transport services, communications, rescue, firefighters, police and interventions may be affected or congested and will not be involved immediately,

- mass consisting of students/students, teachers and administrative staff to be able technical to be-and to take care of students until aid will be available from the city or of another area or will clarify the earthquake situation effects;

- without a plan anticipated is not possible in terms of the action ordered impact consolidation and Protection unit in the school, seismic effects may become disasters; the plan must be drawn from the concrete realities the unit's respective school by a collective operative, with the support of parents Committee and the specialists, the local administration bodies.

- the operative colective may be in principle established in director, Assistant, teachers with organizational experience in operations, responsible for the Red Cross and others or doctor and medical sister, the administrator, some technical staff, secretary of education unit, representatives of active parents, students in large classes.


5. 3. Content plan of activities

In accordance with experience of worldwide and in our country, appear as necessary following activities which may contribute to the protection and training structure;

- to identify seismic hazards and measures to eliminate the reduction in or out on the waiting list.

- plan to respond in case of earthquake;

- antiseismic education and programmes of practical training,

- the plan to return to normal after an earthquake and the eventual use of the unit for accommodation temporary students.

- technology equipment and materials needed.

The role of Plan activities is not to replace hiring specialists for advice and expertise, but to accentuate the contribution variance in the establishment of education and the need for increased awareness seismic hazards by reducing possibility shares continue to education and antiseismic protection.

5.4. Seismic Hazards

The seismic an offer of a painting logical variance operative, is safe consolidation will exemplifies the extent and patterns of causal effects possible in case of earthquake in town, in the neighbourhood, area and the unity of education responsable, according to the following items:

- Seismicity (degree consolidation of the map of area and other characteristics);

- Hazards(dangers) Additional items of possible because neighbouring embossed (over, alas, waters, etc.);

- Hazards(dangers) Additional construction possible owing to large (dams), and industrial facilities (or industrial, chemical feedingstuffs, power plants, etc.) adjacent routes of power lines, channels and gas pipelines, oil, etc.;

- Hazards(dangers) Additional possible thanks to its lack of resistance of the structure building (walls, poles, beams) or to damage some elements nestructurale (baskets of smoke, clacane, walls line, large windows, etc.);

- Hazards(dangers) additional damage possible because, coastdown or overturning after an earthquake of installations and equipment inside buildings or rooms,

- Hazards(dangers) Additional possible due to a reaction of panic, and his discharge in mass there on the stairs, the narrow corridors, in education and lack official antiseimic, especially the units with particularly high employment with students and several exchanges,

- Hazards(dangers) possible departure after the earthquake was of great mass of students in the neighborhood and city home, in the absence of parents and the possible effects of this disaster in town.

After amplification on lists specific, indicating locations, buildings and Classes identified, each of these hazards(threats) will be given for analysis specialists or variance operative for disposal, reduction or out on waiting lists, according to the technical complexity, opportunities and Local cost involved.

Will be estabilished officials, methods of study and intervention, the source of financing and proposed deadline.

5. 5. Protection exercises

Since antiseimic practically eliminate or reduce all structural and hazards unstructurate consume time and funds, international experience should be conducted at the beginning of antiseimic protection exercises to reduce the risk of injury to individuals.
The standard procedure is lying under the bench/table, elbows and knees, with his past a resistant wall away from windows.
Protection can be achieved under a girder and its frame or a door, if there are safety on their resistance.
Drills have seismic post-evacuation in the event of fire or explosions of gas through the effects earthquake.
The aim is orderly and calm discharge by a site known beforehand and of course, without electric power lines, gas pipelines, adjacent walls, etc.
Evacuation buildings can take place only after the provision of escape has been given to persons designated by the Committee operative as having the right.

In the operations of rescue is likely to have the unexpected situations, such as:

- interruption electricity;

- blocking some doors, finding another exits;

- blocking the stairs renderings, bricks;

- processing a consolidation shock secondary during discharge;

- smoke existence in the corridor and down the stairs,

- specific features each season.

5.6. The plan to respond in case of earthquake

This plan will include:

- the scheme subsidiarity between those authorized to make provisions for stage of emergency, processes used to, escape post-seismic (in what conditions the Decision, which routes are used, how to avoid crowds, etc.);

- safety pupils/students, teachers and staff (search and rescue those trapped in rubble or furniture fell over, first aid, record seismic effects, etc.);

-security building (prevention and fire fighting equipment, checking networks commercial, assessing damage, etc.);

- independent sources of electricity, water, heat;

- communications inside and outside,

- list of actions specific to be borne by each during AND immediately after an earthquake.

5.7. Education structure and programs of practical training in schools

For antiseimic education will agree with each frame didactic manner in which will integrate the school syllabus each item and year of study, knowledge of seismicity, effects earthquakes and antiseismic protection.

The practical training, the focus will be on acquiring processes individual protection and the antiseimic group, in case of evacuation ordered and awareness on types of an (threats) which should be avoided, reduced or eliminated in the medium and with a contribution their own.

At the same purpose will be used and further civil defense drills and the prevention of disasters.

The plan of activities will provide and Shares of verification/periodic recurrence quarterly at ages lower and the students would term/high school or college students.

5.8. The plan to return to normal after an earthquake and potential use of its own equipments for temporary housing for students or homeless

From the effects of potential disaster version (the scenario of disaster) Most disadvantaged, they will decide early in a special plan:

The real procedure of technical support and request the intervention of the urgency for financial, which are Local/Central staff persons and the connection, as record type and amount adverse effects, of damage to facilities for education in the educational process,

The pedagogical methods are used to assist students affected psychic seismic effects, to return to normal, the school and the family,

How can own facilities used in the event temporary accommodation of a group of students or flood victims in the neighbourhood, where the unit level locality is included in an emergency plan.

5.9. Apparatus, equipment and materials needed

In order to meet its own measures to prevent the effects of sesimic disaster, and contribution event unit of local education effort to return to normal after an earthquake, will identify and needs of apparatus quantify, equipment and consumables needed in different versions and will seek funding possible official or some sponsorships, etc.

In this respect may mention:

- materials and objects of intervention (lamps, tools, etc.);

- radio reception for the central and local posts,

- where the radio system for the organs of rescue, intervention and leading local;

- telephones, radiotelephone;

- medical supplies for first aid, tents, blankets, and other parts or materials and livestock's health, if unit is included in a local seismic and post-intervention temporary accommodation,

- equipment for storage, filtration and purification of water and the kitchen (cooking, cheerful, etc.);

- preserved foods, the stocks of the emergency order;

- inclusion in a school unit locally for intervention and aid in case of earthquake may facilitate equipment with the necessary action and progress Their education and protection structure, with support from local bodies administrative and civil defense.

6. Short answers to questions related to frequent earthquakes

* There's a temporal schedule for the production of earthquakes?
Not. earthquakes occur anytime along the 24 hours of the day: both day and night, both morning and afternoon.

* There was any connection between weather, season and earthquakes?
Not. Many believe that some earthquakes occurred especially in certain seasons. In fact, there is no correlation between weather and earthquakes, since earthquakes occur far below the areas affected by weather.

* There is a frequency of occurrence of earthquakes in the same area? The distance in two years between earthquakes?
Not. Rather it may speak of certain regularity earthquakes in appearance from a seismic zone. The time distance between two earthquakes successive an comparable, varies greatly. For example, been strong earthquakes in 19 and 20 centuries occurred in the 1960 1802.1829, 1838.1893, 1894.1940, 1977.1986. This years is noted, however, that is wrong that opinion whereby in Vrancea is producing a strong  earthquake (magnitude equal or greater than 7) for every 30 years. The same conclusion is valid for earthquakes before the year 1800.

* Is true that the number of earthquakes increased with proximity to the 2000?
Not. The number earthquakes high, with magnitude over 7, has remained almost constant over time, increasing the number earthquakes small known. The explanation is given the fact that in the past 20 years centres for the world were able to locate more earthquakes per year than in the past, because increasing the number of stations by recording: 1931 there were 350 stations seismic around the world, unlike the present time are more than 4000 stations fixed and a number indefinite mobile stations, temporary.

* What is a split?
A split is a narrow area of rock located between two blocks, which can have any length, from inches up thousands of miles.
Ask is a fracture in earth crust, along which the rocks on its side may go to those currently on the other side. Most splits are the result movements repeated along a large periods of time.

* How many types are splits?
There are three main types of splits:

- splits in normal movement of the plan is gravitational pull split;
- splits operation in which vertical composition of the coastdown plan to split is the opposite direction to the action of gravity;
- splits of prehension in which the two flaks Move horizontally one to one another

* What happens with a split during an earthquake?
Most earthquakes occur on splits. During an earthquake, rock on one side: the slide in relation with the other. Area: can be vertical, horizontal or oblique in relation to the Earth's surface. The direction of slide differ according to the kind of slide on split earthquakes are divided in:

1. strike-slip -  earthquakes occur on a plan to split approximately vertically and rock on one side slid horizontally on side by side.
2. dip-slip - earthquakes occur on a plan to split that makes a different angle of zero with Earth's surface, and the two flancuri of: moving parallel with the direction of inclination.

* How we realize the existence of a splits?
Sometimes earthquakes produce split on the surface, along. Sometimes, when earthquakes occur at higher one, plan to split is determined by special methods.

* How it appears a split on the surface?
Over the area is producing, during an earthquake, the weaker areas of the Earth's surface, located in a split extension of the earth.

* How earthquakes are presented in the media?
The press, television, radio receiving information from specialized institutes (I. R. S. A. The Romanian Institute of seismology applied; INCDFP the National Institute for Earth Physics for Romania and transmit them to prompt further, the population.

* How many earthquakes are reported by international centres annually around the world?
E.g NEIC (National earthquake Information Center USA) locate allmost 12000-14000 series earthquakes per day (with an enabling location, i.e be recorded by at least 2-3). They are produced on average, about 18 earthquakes with magnitude between 7 and 7.9 and one with the magnitude greater than or equal to 8 per year.

* How many earthquakes occur within a month, a day, on hour ?
Using data from the table at above, see that:
They are produced on average, about 80,000 of earthquakes per month;
Producing on average, about 2,600 per day, they are produced on average, about 2 per minute, therefore, to about 30 seconds to produce an earthquake of Earth.

* What damage produce earthquakes?
Houses affected represent 98 percent of damage caused by earthquakes. The rest damage occur at bridges, roads, lines of tension, the railway land, etc.

* Which is the largest number of people killed in an earthquake?
Earthquake in China in 1556 killed about 830,000 people.

* What sizes are used most often the characterization seismic movement other?
- Full throttle for the soil, expressed the most times the percentage of acceleration due labour gravitational;
- Macroseismic intensity.

* How can we measure movements which they feel during an earthquake?
What we feel is very complex: strong moves, weak, slow, long, short of swing, of providing, of swirling, the rolling. They cannot be described by a number. The move soil is described by several sizes: Movement, speed and acceleration of swing maximum soil particles of the frequency of swing, during movemet.

* Which are the most important factors that determine what feel during an earthquake?
1. Magnitude;
2. Distance-local ( or hipocentral);
3. Conditions of land: some soils may enhance certain frequencies and strong to mitigate or even cancel other frequent seismic movements of. “The seismic propagates with various speeds on different types of rocks. The switch from rock TO THE groundside soft waves speed decreases, but their amplitude rises. A groundside soft will move more intensely than rock hard, even if they are epicentrale equal distances.

* Which are factors which are to be taken to ensure against earthquakes?
- The·appropiate active areas consolidation;
- History of the seismic zone (FREQUENCY OF earthquakes producing, time past the last major earthquake production);
- Construction type TO BE ASSURED: type foundation, materials used, the project architecture, quality work conducted;
- Local conditions

* How earthquakes are recorded?
Earthquakes are registered with the network of seismic stations. Each station seismic network of ground movement measured in place in which she is installed.

* What is a seismograph?
Seismographs are tools used for recording soil movement during the earthquake.They are installed on/in earth, in places specially built around the world.

* What are seismograms?
Seismograms are records (on paper or magnetic tapes) produced by seismographs. The axis X is the time (seconds) and in the Y axis is shifting soil (mm) or speed movement soil (MM/s). Between two earthquakes, the seismogram recorded a straight line, except for small wave products of local noise.

* What is a seismometer ?
Seismometer is part of an internal seismograph, the sensor, which is usually a pendulum or a mass mounted on a arc.

* When it was invented the first instrument to measure earthquakes?
In 132 I. C., said heng of the Philosopher Chinese invented an instrument that was based on a pendulum. This instrument can feel small earthquakes, which were not collected by people.

* What is moment magnitude, about which he speaks both to the present?
When quantity is a physical proportional slipping on the size split, multiplied by the area area portion of split on which takes place drift. The total energy released by Link of an earthquake.

* The amount of energy released during an earthquake?
In the following thable ar given quantities of trinitrotoluen (tnt) needed to produce a blast equivalent to an data:

Magnitude                  Tons of TNT
4.0                                 6
5.0                                 199
6.0                                 6,270
7.0                                 199,000
8.0                                 6.270.000
9.0                                 99.000.000

* Is behavior of animals changed before an earthquake?
Yes. The dogs, cats, Snakes and horses, cattle, fish, etc., was behaving strangely before an earthquake. But such behavior may be caused by other factors. It is very hard to know which factor is due behaviour changed the animals.

* Appear anomalies before a powerful earthquake?
Yes. appear anomalies of sound field emission of infrasonic, magneto- telurics and currents of the emission of radon. They are known in the world earthquakes before that were detected anomalies of seismic precursors.

* Earthquakes can be prevented?
Not. It may be diminishing impact an earthquake on people and buildings by improving structures, using design case, by shifting more sure of  houses interior and by educating people.

* The difference between a prediction and a forecast of an earthquake?
An earthquake prediction involves determining a date, a place for an a and a future earthquake. forecasting associate a range of probabilities, a period of time and one of magnitude with a given region.

* Earthquakes can be produced or caused by man?
There are cases where human activity the inlet earthquakes. Because the injection of fluidal was Drilling in deep, for secondary recovery of oil and use them to reserve water. Most of these earthquakes have been minor. Most have occurred in 1967 in Colorado and had the magnitude of 5.5. It was followed by a series of other earthquakes small. At the Lakes to accumulate overburden gigantic of sterile etc. could cause earthquakes. This is what it calls which induced. The explosions underground very strong (nuclear) may trigger earthquakes in areas where it already has accumulated stress over, provided that the explosions take place in those areas layers.

* How deeply they produce earthquakes?
Earthquakes occur in upper crust and mantle in the area and up to 700 km depth.

* Earth opens during earthquakes, swallow people, animals and buildings?
Not. The emergence of apertures flaw and the Earth's surface is a characteristic effect earthquakes. But most of them are small and shallow. Only in very large earthquakes may case arise changes in soil level and shape, and may result in large cracks, what can cause destruction of buildings, roads, etc. But the people and houses not swallowed the earth. splits are not be opened during an earthquake. The movements are produced along plan to split and not perpendicular him. The land can see these trips along:.

*  What hazards are associated with producing a earthquake?
Most are hazards encountered: strong movement of the soil, the falierea area, soil liquefaction, deviations and soil: OF.

* What means liquefaction ground during an earthquake?
Land liquefaction is physical process of lowering of domestic tension and processing of solid ground in one slurry, seismic waves of action under a certain frequency.

* Can earthquakes can cause volcanoes?
Not. earthquakes layers and usual are processes geological completely different. earthquakes can occur in areas where they are preparing, or it's a rash volcanic, these earthquakes was produced by volcano and not causing rash.

* How likely is represented by the excess?
E.g: a map for the probability are represented by producing a maximum accelerations soil more than 0, 2g in 50 years.

* What is soil acceleration and what is the soil full throttle?
Mathematical speaking, acceleration is the rate of increase or decrease in speed or how much change in speed unit of time. The accelerator, in turn, may not be steady in time, ranging from a lower value on one more great and vice versa. The highest value achieved by acceleration is full throttle. A particle of soil will move irregular during an earthquake. The move may be represented in several ways: by changing position, speed or the accelerator that time. In the design structure are chosen accelerations, since the codes to construct buildings are given Forces (thus implicitly accelerations) horizontal they can withstand a building during an earthquake.

* What is % g?
Usually, the seismology, ACCELERATION IS MEASURED IN UNITS G (where g is acceleration due severity). e.g, an acceleration of 335cm/s2=335/980=0, 34g=34% G (g=980cm/s2).

* Which countries have the more and larger earthquakes?
About 75 percent of seismic energy is released in the Pacific, the place where Oceanic plate may thin crust comes under mainland thicker, along areas of subduction. This band of which has a length of 40,000 km and extends from Western ribs of the South America and Central, North America, Alaska, until the aleutine islands, Japan, China, Philippines, Indonesia and Australia. 15 percent of seismic energy is released at a place where plates meet eurasiatica and African, band stretching from which burma is to the West toward the Caucasus to the Mediterranean.

* Which is the largest earthquake known?
Most big earthquake known is that of Chile, in May 22 1960 with The magnitude is equal to 9.5 (circa 8.5-8.7 gutenberg- Richter magnitude). With an similar there are other earthquakes (SEE ANNEX (1)).

* Which is the largest earthquake possible?
In theory magnitude scale earthquakes is not limited higher or lower. In reality, but the size of an earthquake is limited to the tension that can accumulate in rocks up to the limit of break-up and, especially the VOLUME IN WHICH ARE accumulated tensions within the limits of rupture.

* During an earthquake must stay at the door?
Yes, but only if you into homes older, the brick. The houses modern, areas where they are located doors are stronger than other parts of the house. In these houses are more reliable method given above, the housing near a piece of furniture.

* What  things should not be made during and after an earthquake?
- Don`t try to start gas in the case in which you stop your or has been stopped automatically. Let the company of gas to do,
- No used matches, lighters, electrical equipment, until you are not sure that there are no leaks of gas,
- No use cell phones than in emergencies, to keep the lines occupied while others were really need them;
- Do not expect the firemen, doctors or police to help, since it might be busy elsewhere.

Word of termination

Without claiming that the system of monitoring and warning seismic conducted by us represents the best solution for this presentation is only to attract the attention that we can avoid a certain extent damages caused by an earthquake. Is our duty to try this.
Losses due to passive attitudes are inestimable.
INCERC release detailed arguments concerning the protection by so-called triangle of life are garrisons on sieves try, www.incerc2004.ro.
Brochures on education structure of pupils can unload free of the following sites:
- The Ministry of regional development and housing-mdrl- www.mdrl.ro at the building,
- INCERC to www.incerc2004.ro, and website Digital inforisx system of public information on risk consolidation in Romania , antiseimic protection units to learning.